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List two features developed in the 2000s and that help database systems handle data-analytics workloads.

1. Database systems featured physical data organizations suitable for analytic processing, such as “column-stores,” in which tables are stored by column rather than the traditional row-oriented storage of the major commerical database systems.

2. The huge volumes of data, as well as the fact that much of the data used for analytics was textual or semi-structured, led to the development of programming frameworks, such as map-reduce, to facilitate application programmers’ use of parallelism in analyzing data.

column-stores map-reduce